IMF Support Arrangement for Pakistan: (July 2019-September 2022)

Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28(10) 2019—2022 (2005)

their excellent safety profile, despite their low transgene expression efficiency in comparison to that of viral vectors. For their administration, cationic lipid-mediated transfer is a promising approach, because of its low toxicity, ease of preparation, and potential for active targeting. One disadvantage associated with the use of DNA–cationic lipid complexes systemically is the induction of...

IMF Staff Papers - Vol. 46, No, 3 - September/December 1999

This paper analyzes the effects of exchange rate volatility on bilateral trade flows. Through use of a gravity model and panel data from western Europe, exchange rate uncertainty is found to have a negative effect on international trade. The results seem to be robust with respect to the particular measures representing exchange rate uncertainty. Particular attention is reserved for problems of ...

IMF Staff Papers - Vol. 49, No. 2, July 2002

This paper tests for uncovered interest parity (UIP) using daily data for 23 developing and developed countries during the crisis-strewn 1990s. We find that UIP works better on average in the 1990s than in previous eras in the sense that the slope coefficient from a regression of exchange rate changes on interest differentials yields a positive coefficient (which is sometimes insignificantly di...

IMF Staff Papers - Vol. 49, No. 2, July 2002

In the growth literature, evidence on convergence of per capita incomes is mixed. In the development literature, health and education indicators are often used to measure countries’ development progress. This study examines whether average stocks of health and education are converging across countries and calculates the speed of their convergence using data from 84 countries for 1970–90. A thre...

What Will 2022 Look Like? The IEEE CS 2022 Report